DAAO venues and organisations

This is an exploratory data analysis of collected data from DAAO. We focus on venues and organisations adopting natural language processing to reveal patterns in the data.

The visualisations consist of…

  • word clouds

  • dendrograms

  • time series and temporal bar charts

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import json
from collections import Counter
import plotly.express as px
import plotly.graph_objects as go

# with open("./daao_venue_level.json") as json_file: daoo_venue_data=json.load(json_file)
with open("data/daao_event_level.json") as json_file: daoo_event_data=json.load(json_file)

# find all events with geolocation
daoo_event_data_geolocated=[coverage_event for coverage_event in [event for event in daoo_event_data if 'coverages' in event] if 'place' in coverage_event['coverages'][0]]

# find all geoloacted events with date
daoo_event_data_geolocated_dates=[event for event in daoo_event_data_geolocated if 'date_range' in event['coverages'][0]]

# 
relevenat_daoo_event_data=[]
for geolocated_event_date in daoo_event_data_geolocated_dates:
    try:
        relevenat_daoo_event_data.append({
            "id":geolocated_event_date['_id']['$oid'],
            'title':geolocated_event_date['title'],
            'start_date':geolocated_event_date['coverages'][0]['date_range']['start']['_date'],
            "end_date":geolocated_event_date['coverages'][0]['date_range']['end']['_date'],
            "place_name":geolocated_event_date['coverages'][0]['place'][0]['address'],
            'latitude':geolocated_event_date['coverages'][0]['place'][0]['centroid']['latitude'],
            'longitude':geolocated_event_date['coverages'][0]['place'][0]['centroid']['longitude'],
            'slug':geolocated_event_date['slug'],
            'description':geolocated_event_date['description']
            # 'type_slug':geolocated_event_date['types'][0]['slug']
        })
    except:
        continue

# len(daoo_event_data_geolocated), len(daoo_event_data_geolocated_dates), len(relevenat_daoo_event_data)

df_daoo_relevant_events=pd.DataFrame(relevenat_daoo_event_data)
df_daoo_relevant_events['start_year']=[int(start_date.split('-')[0]) for start_date in df_daoo_relevant_events['start_date']]
df_daoo_relevant_events['end_year']=[int(end_date.split('-')[0]) for end_date in df_daoo_relevant_events['end_date']]
df_daoo_relevant_events=df_daoo_relevant_events[df_daoo_relevant_events['start_year'].between(1900,2020)]
# df_daoo_relevant_events=df_daoo_relevant_events[df_daoo_relevant_events['type_slug'].isin(["exhibition",'festival','performance-event','other-event'])]
# df_slug_freq=pd.DataFrame(dict(Counter(df_daoo_relevant_events["type_slug"])).items(),columns=["Slug","Frequency"])

Most frequent geocodes

Before jumping into the visuals, we inspect the nuances of the geocodes attached to exhibtion data. We find that the geocodes are not always accurate, and that there are many distinct venues representing the same geocode. Further pre-processing will need to be conducted to ensure downstream trends can be accurately identified.

Below is a list of the top 20 geocodes, and the number of events they represent. Through further inspection we can see which geocodes accurate represent the place names.

most_freq_geocodes = df_daoo_relevant_events[['latitude','longitude']].value_counts().reset_index().rename(columns={0:'Frequency'})
most_freq_geocodes.head(20)
latitude longitude Frequency
0 -33.868901 151.207091 1973
1 -34.928621 138.599959 1066
2 -37.813187 144.962980 1003
3 -27.470933 153.023502 868
4 -33.868627 151.217062 459
5 -34.416667 150.883333 218
6 -37.822536 144.969113 215
7 -31.952222 115.858889 205
8 -27.472096 153.018173 168
9 -12.437368 130.833821 160
10 -35.308056 149.124444 150
11 51.500152 -0.126236 142
12 -33.884611 151.226586 140
13 -35.300530 149.136282 132
14 -32.929205 151.772973 125
15 -31.950414 115.860604 117
16 -33.281886 149.102659 113
17 -42.881903 147.323815 109
18 -38.385530 142.482454 102
19 -33.860064 151.208954 101

590 places with random Sydney location

df_daoo_relevant_events[(df_daoo_relevant_events['latitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['latitude'].iloc[0]) &\
                        (df_daoo_relevant_events['longitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['longitude'].iloc[0])]['place_name']\
                        .value_counts()
Sydney, NSW                                 248
Artspace, Sydney, NSW                        97
Macquarie Galleries, Sydney, NSW             64
Sherman Galleries, Sydney, NSW               56
Sydney, New South Wales                      54
                                           ... 
Rex Livingston Art Dealer, Sydney, NSW        1
Bondi coastal walk, Sydney, NSW               1
Sherman Galleries Goodhope, Sydney            1
Sherman Galleries Hargrave, Sydney, NSW       1
Watters Gallery, Sydney, New South Wales      1
Name: place_name, Length: 590, dtype: int64

116 places with random Adelaide location

df_daoo_relevant_events[(df_daoo_relevant_events['latitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['latitude'].iloc[1]) &\
                        (df_daoo_relevant_events['longitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['longitude'].iloc[1])]['place_name']\
                        .value_counts()
Experimental Art Foundation, Adelaide, SA                   430
Contemporary Art Centre of South Australia, Adelaide, SA    346
Adelaide, SA                                                 36
Adelaide Central Gallery, Adelaide, SA                       36
Greenaway Art Gallery, Adelaide, SA                          31
                                                           ... 
SA Museum, Adelaide, SA                                       1
BMGArt, Adelaide, SA                                          1
Peel Street Art Gallery, Adelaide, SA                         1
Royal Society of Arts Gallery, Adelaide, SA                   1
Adelaide                                                      1
Name: place_name, Length: 116, dtype: int64

411 places with random Melbourne location

df_daoo_relevant_events[(df_daoo_relevant_events['latitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['latitude'].iloc[2]) &\
                        (df_daoo_relevant_events['longitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['longitude'].iloc[2])]['place_name']\
                        .value_counts()
Melbourne, Vic.                                                 75
Monash University Museum of Art, Melbourne, VIC                 39
RMIT Gallery, Melbourne, VIC                                    37
Australian Centre for Contemporary Art, Melbourne, VIC          33
Melbourne, Victoria                                             29
                                                                ..
Ardwolf Gallery, Melbourne, Vic.                                 1
First Floor Gallery, Melbourne, Vic.                             1
ANZ Building, Melbourne, Vic.                                    1
Studio 12, Gertrude Contemporary Art Spaces, Melbourne, Vic.     1
Riddell Galleries, Melbourne, Vic.                               1
Name: place_name, Length: 411, dtype: int64

240 places with random Brisbane location

df_daoo_relevant_events[(df_daoo_relevant_events['latitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['latitude'].iloc[3]) &\
                        (df_daoo_relevant_events['longitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['longitude'].iloc[3])]['place_name']\
                        .value_counts()
Institute of Modern Art, Brisbane, QLD                                       217
Brisbane, Qld                                                                 95
Brisbane City Art Gallery, Brisbane, Qld                                      68
Brisbane, QLD                                                                 32
Brisbane, Queensland                                                          21
                                                                            ... 
Finney's Auditoium, Brisbane, QLD                                              1
Contemporary Art Society of Australia ( Queensland Branch), Brisbane, QLD      1
Finney's Auditorium, Brisbane, QLD                                             1
Eager's Retail Pty Ltd, Brisbane, QLD                                          1
QUT Art Museum, Brisbane, QLD                                                  1
Name: place_name, Length: 240, dtype: int64

55 places with random Perth location

df_daoo_relevant_events[(df_daoo_relevant_events['latitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['latitude'].iloc[7]) &\
                        (df_daoo_relevant_events['longitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['longitude'].iloc[7])]['place_name']\
                        .value_counts()
Perth, WA                                                                      51
John Curtin Gallery, Curtin University, Perth, WA                              42
Perth Institute of Contemporary Art, Perth, WA                                 13
Greenhill Galleries, Perth, WA                                                  8
Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts, Perth, WA                                 7
Galerie Dusseldorf, Perth, WA                                                   6
Katanning Arts Centre, Katanning & Western Australian Museum, Perth, WA         5
Goddard de Fiddes Gallery, Perth, WA                                            4
Emerge Art Space, Perth, WA                                                     4
Turner Galleries, Perth, WA                                                     4
Goddard de Fiddes Contemporary Art, Perth, WA                                   4
John Curtin Gallery, Perth, WA                                                  3
Central TAFE Art Gallery, Perth, WA                                             3
Gadfly Gallery, Perth, WA                                                       2
Johnston Gallery, Perth, WA                                                     2
Skinner Galleries, Perth, WA                                                    2
Perth, Western Australia                                                        2
The Church Gallery, Perth, WA                                                   2
Women's Electoral Lobby, Perth, WA                                              2
Linton and Kay, Perth, WA                                                       2
Goddard de Fiddes, Perth, WA                                                    2
Lawrence Wilson Art Gallery, Perth, WA                                          2
Wilkinson Pavilion, Perth Royal Show, Perth, WA                                 1
Artist in Residence Gallery, Perth, WA                                          1
Art Gallery of WA Foyer, Perth, WA                                              1
Perth Galleries, Perth, WA                                                      1
Princess Chambers, Perth, WA                                                    1
Monart Studio & Gallery, Perth, WA                                              1
Greenwich, His Majesty's Theatre, Artrage Festival, Perth, WA                   1
Artist In Residence Gallery, Perth, WA                                          1
Artplace, Perth, WA                                                             1
PICA, Perth, WA                                                                 1
Gallery G, Perth, WA                                                            1
Mundaring Art Centre, Perth, WA                                                 1
Tomorrow's Home, Spectrum Project Space, Perth, WA                              1
Katanning Arts Centre, Katanning, WA & Western Australian Museum, Perth, WA     1
Accent Fine Art Gallery, Perth, WA                                              1
Newspaper House Gallery, Perth, WA                                              1
Verge Gallery, Perth, Western Australia                                         1
Dreamtime Gallery, Perth, WA                                                    1
Women's Electoral Lobby (WA), Perth, WA                                         1
John Curtin University Gallery, Perth, WA                                       1
The Church Gallery, Perth International Arts Festival, Perth, WA                1
Goddard de Fiddes, Perth , WA                                                   1
Praxis Gallery, Perth, WA                                                       1
Johnston Gallery, Perth, WA.                                                    1
Curtin Museum of Art, Perth, WA                                                 1
Central Tafe Art Gallery, Perth, WA                                             1
Indigenart, Mossenson Galleries, Perth, WA                                      1
Craftwest Gallery, Perth, WA                                                    1
Perth Craft West Centre                                                         1
Lime Flowers, Perth, WA                                                         1
South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council, Perth, WA                           1
Aboriginal Advancement Council of Western Australia, Perth, WA                  1
Church Gallery, Perth, WA                                                       1
Name: place_name, dtype: int64

Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, Darwin, NT - 160 events

df_daoo_relevant_events[(df_daoo_relevant_events['latitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['latitude'].iloc[9]) &\
                        (df_daoo_relevant_events['longitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['longitude'].iloc[9])]['place_name']\
                        .value_counts()
Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, Darwin, NT      122
Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin, NT          22
Museum & Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin, NT             5
Museums and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin              2
Museum & Gallery of Northern Territory, Darwin, NT                     2
Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, Darwin NT.        2
Northern Territory Museums and Art Galleris, Darwin, NT                1
Museum and Art Gallery, Darwin, NT                                     1
Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory , Darwin, NT          1
Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territories, Darwin, NT      1
Darwin Museum and Art Gallery, NT                                      1
Name: place_name, dtype: int64

65 places with random Canberra location

df_daoo_relevant_events[(df_daoo_relevant_events['latitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['latitude'].iloc[10]) &\
                        (df_daoo_relevant_events['longitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['longitude'].iloc[10])]['place_name']\
                        .value_counts()
Canberra Contemporary Art Space, Canberra, ACT           20
National Portrait Gallery, Canberra, ACT                 15
Beaver Galleries, Canberra, ACT                          15
Canberra, ACT                                            12
aGOG (australian Girls Own Gallery), Canberra, ACT        6
                                                         ..
australian Girls Own Gallery, Canberra, ACT               1
Crafts Council of Australia, Canberra, ACT                1
ANU Drill Hall Gallery, Canberra ACT                      1
Lanyon homestead, Canberra, ACT                           1
Canberra Contemporary Artspace, Manuka, Canberra, ACT     1
Name: place_name, Length: 65, dtype: int64

75 places with random London, UK location

df_daoo_relevant_events[(df_daoo_relevant_events['latitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['latitude'].iloc[11]) &\
                        (df_daoo_relevant_events['longitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['longitude'].iloc[11])]['place_name']\
                        .value_counts()
London, England, UK                                  30
Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, England, UK    17
London, UK                                            8
London, England                                       5
Primavera, London, UK                                 4
                                                     ..
Transition Gallery, London, UK                        1
Century Gallery, ACAVA Studios, London, UK            1
Jerwood Space, London, UK                             1
Air & Space Studio, London, UK                        1
London                                                1
Name: place_name, Length: 75, dtype: int64

54 places with random Paddington, NSW location

df_daoo_relevant_events[(df_daoo_relevant_events['latitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['latitude'].iloc[12]) &\
                        (df_daoo_relevant_events['longitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['longitude'].iloc[12])]['place_name']\
                        .value_counts()
Ivan Dougherty Gallery, COFA, UNSW, Paddington, NSW                                                        24
Kaliman Gallery, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                                   10
Roslyn Oxley9 Gallery, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                              9
Mary Place Gallery, Paddington, NSW                                                                         8
Ivan Dougherty Gallery, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                             7
Global Gallery, Paddington, NSW                                                                             7
Barry Stern Galleries, Paddington, New South Wales                                                          4
Josef Lebovic Gallery, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                              4
Holdsworth Galleries, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                               4
Sherman Galleries, Paddington, NSW                                                                          4
Marlene Antico Fine Arts, Paddington, NSW                                                                   3
Kudos Gallery, Paddington, NSW                                                                              3
Australian Centre for Photography, Paddington, NSW                                                          3
Josef Lebovic Gallery, Paddington, New South Wales                                                          2
Holdsworth Contemporary Galleries, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                  2
Global Gallery, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                                     2
Josef Lebovic Gallery, Paddington, NSW                                                                      2
Coventry Gallery, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                                   2
Mary Place Gallery, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                                 2
Christopher Day Gallery, Paddington, NSW                                                                    2
Ivan Dougherty Gallery, Paddington, NSW                                                                     2
Sherman Galleries, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                                  2
Ivan Dougherty Gallery, College of Fine Arts, University of New South Wales, Paddington, NSW                1
Australian Centre for Photography, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                  1
Artbox at Sherman Galleries, Paddington, NSW                                                                1
Stills Gallery, Paddington, NSW                                                                             1
Byron Mapp Gallery, Paddington, NSW                                                                         1
College of Fine Arts Exhibition/Performance Spaces, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                 1
Bonython Gallery, Paddington, NSW                                                                           1
College of Fine Arts Gallery, University of New South Wales, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                        1
Tim Olsen Gallery, Paddington, NSW                                                                          1
Tim Olsen Gallery, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                                  1
Ivan Dougherty Gallery, COFA, UNSW, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                 1
Kudos Gallery, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                                      1
Barry Stern Gallery, Paddington, NSW                                                                        1
Little Gallery, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                                     1
COFAspace Gallery, College of Fine Arts, Paddington, NSW                                                    1
Andrew Crawford Gallery, Paddington, NSW                                                                    1
Iain Dawson Gallery, Paddington, NSW                                                                        1
Ivan Dougherty Gallery, University of New South Wales College of Fine Arts, Paddington, New South Wales     1
Bloomfield Galleries, Paddington, NSW                                                                       1
Hogarth Gallery, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                                    1
Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                                                     1
Ivan Dougherty Gallery,  College of Fine Arts, University of New South Wales, Paddington, Sydney, NSW       1
Ivan Dougherty Gallery, College of Fine Arts, University of New South Wales, Paddington, Sydney, NSW        1
Roslyn Oxley9, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                                                      1
Ivan Dougherty Gallery, The University of NSW, College of Fine Arts, Paddington, NSW.                       1
Roslyn Oxley 9 Gallery, Paddington, NSW                                                                     1
Arthouse Gallery, Paddington, NSW                                                                           1
Savill Galleries, Paddington, NSW                                                                           1
COFAspace, College of Fine Arts, Paddington, NSW                                                            1
Casey Galleries, Paddington, NSW                                                                            1
Ivan Dougherty Gallery, College of Fine Arts, Paddington, NSW                                               1
College of Fine Arts, University of NSW, Paddington, Sydney, NSW                                            1
Name: place_name, dtype: int64

60 places with random Hobart location

df_daoo_relevant_events[(df_daoo_relevant_events['latitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['latitude'].iloc[17]) &\
                        (df_daoo_relevant_events['longitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['longitude'].iloc[17])]['place_name']\
                        .value_counts()
Bett Gallery, Hobart, Tas.                                                         8
Hobart, TAS                                                                        8
Hobart, Tasmania                                                                   6
Hobart, Tas.                                                                       5
Dick Bett Gallery, Hobart, Tas.                                                    4
University of Tasmania Fine Arts Gallery, Hobart, Tasmania                         4
Art Mob, Hobart, TAS                                                               4
Tasmanian Museum & Art Gallery, Hobart, TAS                                        4
Plimsoll Gallery, Hobart, TAS                                                      4
Entrepot Gallery, Hobart, TAS                                                      3
Long Gallery, Salamanca Arts Centre, Hobart, Tas.                                  2
Bond Store, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart, TAS                          2
Long Gallery, Salamanca Art Centre, Hobart, TAS                                    2
Chameleon Contemporary Art Space, Hobart, Tas.                                     2
CAST Gallery, Hobart, TAS                                                          2
Carnegie Gallery, Hobart, Tas.                                                     2
School of Art, Tasmanian College of Advanced Education in Hobart, TAS              2
Hobart, Tas                                                                        2
Moonah Arts Centre, Hobart, TAS                                                    2
Art Mob, Hobart, Tas.                                                              1
AMP Building, Hobart, TAS                                                          1
Art Mob Gallery, Hobart, TAS                                                       1
Moonbird Heritage Trust, Hobart, TAS                                               1
Henry Jones Art Hotel, Hobart, TAS                                                 1
Ten Days On the Island, Port Arthur and Hobart, TAS                                1
Loft Gallery, Salamanca Arts Centre, Hobart, TAS                                   1
Off Centre Gallery, Salamanca Arts Centre, Hobart, TAS                             1
Salamanca Gallery, Hobart,TAS                                                      1
The Long Gallery, Hobart, TAS                                                      1
Art Mob, Hobart, TAS.                                                              1
Chameleon Gallery Hobart, TAS                                                      1
Experimental Art Foundation, Adelaide; Anzart-in-Hobart, TAS                       1
Plimsoll Gallery, Tasmanian School of Art, Hobart, TAS                             1
North Hobart Photographic Gallery, Hobart, TAS                                     1
Adult Education Board of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS                                     1
Plimsoll Gallery, Hobart, Tasmania                                                 1
Hobart                                                                             1
Theatre Royal, Hobart, Tas.                                                        1
Moonah Art Centre, Hobart, TAS                                                     1
Bett Gallery, Hobart, TAS                                                          1
Plimsoll Gallery, Centre for the Arts, Hobart, Tas.                                1
Freeman Gallery, Hobart, Tas.                                                      1
Carnegie Gallery, Hobart, TAS                                                      1
Fine Arts Gallery, Hobart, TAS                                                     1
Carnegie Gallery, Hobart. Tas.                                                     1
Masterpiece Fine Art Gallery, Hobart, Tas.                                         1
Moonah Arts Centre, Hobart, tas                                                    1
Centre for the Arts Video Department 1980-2000, Long Gallery, Hobart, TAS          1
Snobby Socks Gallery, Hobart, TAS                                                  1
Plimsoll Gallery, Hobart, Tas.                                                     1
Masterpiece Fine Art Gallery, Hobart, Tasmania                                     1
Hobart Town Hall, Hobart, Tas.                                                     1
Long Gallery, Salamanca Arts Centre, Hobart, TAS                                   1
Salamanca Place Gallery, Hobart, Tas.                                              1
Menzies Research Institute, Casino, Hobart, TAS                                    1
Menzies Research Institute, Cascade Covention Centre, Hobart, Tas.                 1
Allport Library and Museum of Fine Arts, State Library of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS    1
Crafts Council of Tasmania Gallery, Hobart, Tas.                                   1
Long Boat Gallery, Hobart, TAS                                                     1
Tasmanian Museum & Art Gallery, Hobart, Tas.                                       1
Name: place_name, dtype: int64

Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, NSW, however errors in the data

df_daoo_relevant_events[(df_daoo_relevant_events['latitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['latitude'].iloc[19]) &\
                        (df_daoo_relevant_events['longitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['longitude'].iloc[19])]['place_name']\
                        .value_counts()
Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, NSW                          87
Mosman Art Gallery, Sydney, NSW                                   9
Performance Space and Museum Of Contemporary Art, Sydney, NSW     1
Musuem of Contemporary Art, Sydney, NSW                           1
St George Museum, Sydney, NSW                                     1
Paddington Contemporary Arts Gallery, Sydney, NSW                 1
Art Sydney, Sydney, NSW                                           1
Name: place_name, dtype: int64

8 Llankelly Place, Kings Cross, Sydney, 2011 - 100 events

df_daoo_relevant_events[(df_daoo_relevant_events['latitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['latitude'].iloc[20]) &\
                        (df_daoo_relevant_events['longitude'] == most_freq_geocodes['longitude'].iloc[20])]['place_name']\
                        .value_counts()
8 Llankelly Place, Kings Cross, Sydney, 2011    100
Name: place_name, dtype: int64

Top 10 geocoded places with most events

After omitting geocodes with random or erroneous place names, we can see that the “true” top 10 geocoded places with the most events. As expected these are all art galleries.

Venue

City

Frequency

Art Gallery of New South Wales

Sydney, NSW

520

Wollongong City Gallery

Wollongong, NSW

218

National Gallery of Victoria

Melbourne, VIC

215

Queensland Art Gallery

Brisbane, QLD

168

Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory

Darwin, NT

160

National Gallery of Australia

Canberra, ACT

132

Newcastle Region Art Gallery

Newcastle, NSW

125

Art Gallery of Western Australia

Perth, WA

117

Orange Regional Gallery

Orange, NSW

113

Warrnambool Art Gallery

Warrnambool, VIC

102

8 Llankelly Place, Kings Cross

Sydney, NSW

100

Most frequent terms used for place names

From here, we explore the most frequent terms used for place names. We find that the most frequent terms are “Gallery”, “Art”, “Centre”, “Museum”, and “University”.

# find the most frequent words across the strings for place names
from collections import Counter
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import nltk
# nltk.download('punkt')

from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize

# create a list of all the place names
all_place_names = df_daoo_relevant_events['place_name'].tolist()

# create a list of all the words in the place names
all_words = []
for place_name in all_place_names:
    all_words.extend(word_tokenize(place_name))

# find top 100 most frequent words
most_freq_words = Counter(all_words).most_common(100)

# remove a list of all words that are not relevant
words_to_remove = [',','NSW','Sydney','Melbourne','Adelaide','South','SA','Brisbane','VIC',
                   '.', 'New', 'Australia', 'QLD', 'Vic', 'Wales', 'WA', 'Canberra', 'and',
                   'Perth', 'ACT', 'of', 'Qld', 'Victoria','Wollongong','TAS','Queensland','Newcastle',
                   'Street','Hobart','the','The','Launceston','Orange','UK','NT','London','USA',
                   'Paddington','Darwin','for','Western','Warrnambool','Ballarat','Northern','Territory',
                   'England','Watters','Macquarie','Artspace','St',"'s",'&','Potter','Kings','Ian','Cross',
                   '8','Llankelly','2011','Fremantle','Queen','Ivan','Dougherty','Tasmania','Central',
                   'Curtin','France','Tin','Sheds','York','Monash','Paris','Heide','Place']

# remove the words from the list of most frequent words
most_freq_words = [word for word in most_freq_words if word[0] not in words_to_remove]

most_freq_words_dict = dict(most_freq_words)

# add value of two keys
most_freq_words_dict['Gallery'] = most_freq_words_dict['Gallery'] + most_freq_words_dict['Galleries']
most_freq_words_dict['Museum'] = most_freq_words_dict['Museum'] + most_freq_words_dict['Museums']

# remove key 'Gallery'
most_freq_words_dict.pop('Galleries')
most_freq_words_dict.pop('Museums')
most_freq_words_dict2 = most_freq_words_dict.copy()

# create a wordcloud with the most frequent words
from wordcloud import WordCloud

wordcloud = WordCloud(width = 800, height = 800,
                background_color ='white',
                min_font_size = 10).generate_from_frequencies(most_freq_words_dict)

# plot the WordCloud image
plt.figure(figsize = (8, 8), facecolor = None)
plt.imshow(wordcloud)
plt.axis("off")
plt.tight_layout(pad = 0)

plt.show()
_images/DAAO_TLC_49_0.png

Hierarchical clustering using event description data

Next we explore exhibition descriptions using hierarchical clustering; a method used to group similar objects into clusters that follow a hierarchical structure. This can help conceptualise what a taxonomy of venue categories might look like. We use two methods to embed the data, term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) and Google’s BERT.

The former is a statistical measure that evaluates how relevant a word is to a document in a collection of documents. The latter is a language model that can embed a sense of “context” to the textual data. This means that the model can quantitatively encode the meaning of a word based on the words that surround it.

Hierarchical clustering (tf-idf)

The first dendrogram shows the hierarchical clustering of the exhibition descriptions using TF-IDF. We cluster the data into seven groups. The x-axis provides a count (in brackets) of the exhibitition within each respective cluster. We also provide two sets of annotations. The annotations above the x-axis represent the most frequently occuring terms within the event description for each cluster. We limit this list to distinctive words. The annotations below the x-axis represent the most frequently occuring venues for each cluster.

import numpy as np
import seaborn as sns
import re
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
from sklearn.cluster import AgglomerativeClustering
from scipy.cluster.hierarchy import dendrogram, fcluster

# import nltk
# nltk.download('stopwords')
from nltk.corpus import stopwords

### collect all relevant textual data from the dataframe
# replace '-' with ',' in the slug
df_daoo_relevant_events['slug2'] = df_daoo_relevant_events['slug'].str.replace('-',' ')

# if description is not \n then append to slug2 in one line
df_daoo_relevant_events['slug2'] = df_daoo_relevant_events['slug2'] + df_daoo_relevant_events['description'].apply(lambda x: '' if x == '\n' else x)

### pre-process for NLP
# Load the documents and their corresponding categorical variables into a Pandas dataframe
df = pd.DataFrame({'text': df_daoo_relevant_events['slug2'], 'category': df_daoo_relevant_events['place_name']})

# summarise text for each unique place name
df['text'] = df.groupby('category')['text'].transform(lambda x: ' '.join(x))

#add new column with count for each category
df['cat_count'] = df.groupby('category')['category'].transform('count')
df.drop_duplicates(inplace=True)

# Clean the text
stop_words = set(stopwords.words('english'))

def clean_text(text):
    text = re.sub('[^a-zA-Z]', ' ', text)
    text = text.replace(',', '')
    text = text.lower().split()
    text = [word for word in text if word not in stop_words]
    text = ' '.join(text)
    return text

df['clean_text'] = df['text'].apply(clean_text)

# Vectorize the text
vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer()
X = vectorizer.fit_transform(df['clean_text'])


### Generate clusters

def get_most_common_word(df, more_words = [], no_of_words=25):
    # remove a list of all words that are not relevant
    # words_to_remove = [',','NSW','Sydney','Melbourne','Adelaide','South','SA','Brisbane','VIC',
    #                 '.', 'New', 'Australia', 'QLD', 'Vic', 'Wales', 'WA', 'Canberra', 'and',
    #                 'Perth', 'ACT', 'of', 'Qld', 'Victoria','Wollongong','TAS','Queensland','Newcastle',
    #                 'Street','Hobart','the','The','Launceston','Orange','UK','NT','London','USA',
    #                 'Paddington','Darwin','for','Western','Warrnambool','Ballarat','Northern','Territory',
    #                 'England','Watters','Macquarie','Artspace','St',"'s",'&','Potter','Kings','Ian','Cross',
    #                 '8','Llankelly','2011','Fremantle','Queen','Ivan','Dougherty','Tasmania','Central',
    #                 'Curtin','France','Tin','Sheds','York','Monash','Paris','Heide','Place','Vic.',]
    
    words_to_remove = []
    
    # add more words to the list of words to remove
    words_to_remove = words_to_remove + more_words

    all_words = []
    for i in df:
        for j in i.split(' '):
            all_words.append(j.replace(',',''))

    # find the most common words
    most_common_words = Counter(all_words).most_common(no_of_words)

    # remove the words from the list of most frequent words
    most_common_words = [word for word in most_common_words if word[0] not in words_to_remove]
    return most_common_words

def get_linkage_matrix(model, **kwargs):
    # Create linkage matrix and then plot the dendrogram

    # create the counts of samples under each node
    counts = np.zeros(model.children_.shape[0])
    n_samples = len(model.labels_)
    for i, merge in enumerate(model.children_):
        current_count = 0
        for child_idx in merge:
            if child_idx < n_samples:
                current_count += 1  # leaf node
            else:
                current_count += counts[child_idx - n_samples]
        counts[i] = current_count

    linkage_matrix = np.column_stack(
        [model.children_, model.distances_, counts]
    ).astype(float)

    return linkage_matrix

# # setting distance_threshold=0 ensures we compute the full tree.
# model_tfidf = AgglomerativeClustering(distance_threshold=0, n_clusters=None)
# model_tfidf = model_tfidf.fit(X.toarray())
# from textwrap import wrap

# cut = 7
# l_matrix = get_linkage_matrix(model_tfidf)
# df['cluster'] = fcluster(l_matrix, cut, criterion='maxclust')
# dendrogram(l_matrix, orientation='top', truncate_mode="lastp", p=cut, show_leaf_counts=True)

# # if a word is a duplicate then remove from all_words
# def find_duplicates(all_words, occurences=1):
#     duplicates = []
#     non_duplicates = []

#     for i in all_words:
#         if i in duplicates: continue
#         else:
#             if all_words.count(i) > occurences: duplicates.append(i)
#             else: non_duplicates.append(i)
#     return duplicates

# all_words = []

# for i in df['cluster'].unique():
#     cluster_docs = df[df['cluster'] == i]
#     # print(i, get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text']))
#     [all_words.append(i[0]) for idx,i in enumerate(get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text']))]
    
# all_words_to_remove = find_duplicates(all_words, occurences=2)
# all_words_to_remove.extend(['j','th','nd','exhibitionexhibited'])

# for i in df['cluster'].unique():
#     cluster_docs = df[df['cluster'] == i]
#     # print(i, get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text']))
#     annot = "\n".join(i[0] for idx,i in enumerate(get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text'],
#                                                                        more_words=all_words_to_remove)) if (idx < 5))
    
#     plt.annotate(annot, xy=(i/df['cluster'].nunique()-0.1, 0.05), 
#                  xytext=(i/df['cluster'].nunique()-0.1, 0.05), 
#                  xycoords='axes fraction', fontsize=9)
    
#     annot2 = cluster_docs.sort_values('cat_count', ascending=False)['category'].values[0:3]
#     annot2 = '\n\n'.join(['\n'.join(wrap(line, 18)) for line in [i.split(',')[0] for i in annot2]])
#     # annot2 = '\n'.join(wrap(annot2, 18)) # breaks strings into new lines

#     plt.annotate(annot2, xy=(i/df['cluster'].nunique()-0.115, -0.24), 
#                 xytext=(i/df['cluster'].nunique()-0.115, -0.24), 
#                 xycoords='axes fraction', fontsize=9)

# plt.title("Hierarchical Clustering Dendrogram - TF-IDF")

# # make figure bigger
# fig = plt.gcf()
# fig.set_size_inches(14, 10)

# plt.show()

from IPython.display import Image
Image(filename='images/daao_tlc/output1.png')
_images/DAAO_TLC_53_0.png

We provide the same visual however show the most frequent terms used within the place names as opposed to the event descriptions.

# cut = 7
# l_matrix = get_linkage_matrix(model_tfidf)
# df['cluster'] = fcluster(l_matrix, cut, criterion='maxclust')
# dendrogram(l_matrix, orientation='top', truncate_mode="lastp", p=cut, show_leaf_counts=True)

# all_words = []

# for i in df['cluster'].unique():
#     cluster_docs = df[df['cluster'] == i]
#     # print(i, get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text']))
#     [all_words.append(i[0]) for idx,i in enumerate(get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['category']))]
    
# all_words_to_remove = find_duplicates(all_words, occurences=3)

# all_words_to_remove.extend([',','NSW','Sydney','Melbourne','Adelaide','South','SA','Brisbane','VIC',
#                    '.', 'New', 'Australia', 'QLD', 'Vic', 'Wales', 'WA', 'Canberra', 'and',
#                    'Perth', 'ACT', 'of', 'Qld', 'Victoria','Wollongong','TAS','Queensland','Newcastle',
#                    'Street','Hobart','the','The','Launceston','Orange','UK','NT','London','USA',
#                    'Paddington','Darwin','for','Western','Warrnambool','Ballarat','Northern','Territory',
#                    'England','Watters','Macquarie','Artspace','St',"'s",'&','Potter','Kings','Ian','Cross',
#                    '8','Llankelly','2011','Fremantle','Queen','Ivan','Dougherty','Tasmania','Central',
#                    'Curtin','France','Tin','Sheds','York','Monash','Paris','Heide'])

# for i in df['cluster'].unique():
#     cluster_docs = df[df['cluster'] == i]
#     # print(i, get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text']))
#     annot = "\n".join(i[0] for idx,i in enumerate(get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['category'],
#                                                                        more_words=all_words_to_remove)) if (idx < 5))
    
#     plt.annotate(annot, xy=(i/df['cluster'].nunique()-0.1, 0.05), 
#                  xytext=(i/df['cluster'].nunique()-0.1, 0.05), 
#                  xycoords='axes fraction', fontsize=9)

# plt.title("Hierarchical Clustering Dendrogram - TF-IDF")

# # make figure bigger
# fig = plt.gcf()
# fig.set_size_inches(14, 10)

# plt.show()

from IPython.display import Image
Image(filename='images/daao_tlc/output2.png')
_images/DAAO_TLC_55_0.png

Hierarchical clustering (BERT)

We repeat the methodology but now change the embedding method to BERT. We expect using BERT, a much more complex model, to better represent each venue. We find that the clusters are more widely populated, and output a different outcome.

# ### load bert model

# # !pip install transformers
# from transformers import BertTokenizer, BertModel
# from transformers import pipeline
# tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained('bert-base-uncased')
# model = BertModel.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased")
# # text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
# # encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')
# # output = model(**encoded_input)
# # pd.DataFrame(output['pooler_output'].detach().numpy())
# ### encode text using bert (takes 4mins to run)
# import random

# # encode the text using bert
# def bert_encode(x):
#   encoded_input = tokenizer(x, return_tensors='pt')
#   output = model(**encoded_input)
#   return pd.DataFrame(output['pooler_output'].detach().numpy()).T

# # randomly sample 512 tokens from each row in df['clean_text']
# # some strings are smalle than 512
# df['clean_text_sampled'] = df['clean_text'].apply(lambda x: ' '.join(random.sample(x.split(' '), 360)) if len(x.split(' ')) >= 360 else x)
# X_bert = df['clean_text_sampled'].apply(lambda x: pd.Series(bert_encode([str(x)])[0]))

# # setting distance_threshold=0 ensures we compute the full tree.
# model_bert = AgglomerativeClustering(distance_threshold=0, n_clusters=None)
# model_bert = model_bert.fit(np.array(X_bert))
# cut = 7
# l_matrix = get_linkage_matrix(model_bert)
# df['cluster'] = fcluster(l_matrix, cut, criterion='maxclust')
# dendrogram(l_matrix, orientation='top', truncate_mode="lastp", p=cut, show_leaf_counts=True)

# all_words = []

# for i in df['cluster'].unique():
#     cluster_docs = df[df['cluster'] == i]
#     # print(i, get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text']))
#     [all_words.append(i[0]) for idx,i in enumerate(get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text']))]
    
# all_words_to_remove = find_duplicates(all_words, occurences=2)
# all_words_to_remove.extend(['j','th','nd','exhibitionexhibited','http','www','isbn'])

# for i in df['cluster'].unique():
#     cluster_docs = df[df['cluster'] == i]
#     # print(i, get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text']))
#     annot = "\n".join(i[0] for idx,i in enumerate(get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text'],
#                                                                        more_words=all_words_to_remove)) if (idx < 5))
    
#     plt.annotate(annot, xy=(i/df['cluster'].nunique()-0.1, 0.05), 
#                  xytext=(i/df['cluster'].nunique()-0.1, 0.05), 
#                  xycoords='axes fraction', fontsize=9)
    
#     annot2 = cluster_docs.sort_values('cat_count', ascending=False)['category'].values[0:3]
#     annot2 = '\n\n'.join(['\n'.join(wrap(line, 18)) for line in [i.split(',')[0] for i in annot2]])
#     # annot2 = '\n'.join(wrap(annot2, 18)) # breaks strings into new lines

#     plt.annotate(annot2, xy=(i/df['cluster'].nunique()-0.115, -0.24), 
#                 xytext=(i/df['cluster'].nunique()-0.115, -0.24), 
#                 xycoords='axes fraction', fontsize=9)

# plt.title("Hierarchical Clustering Dendrogram - BERT")

# # make figure bigger
# fig = plt.gcf()
# fig.set_size_inches(14, 10)

# plt.show()

from IPython.display import Image
Image(filename='images/daao_tlc/output3.png')
_images/DAAO_TLC_59_0.png

We provide the same visual however show the most frequent terms used within the place names as opposed to the event descriptions.

# cut = 7
# l_matrix = get_linkage_matrix(model_bert)
# df['cluster'] = fcluster(l_matrix, cut, criterion='maxclust')
# dendrogram(l_matrix, orientation='top', truncate_mode="lastp", p=cut, show_leaf_counts=True)

# all_words = []

# for i in df['cluster'].unique():
#     cluster_docs = df[df['cluster'] == i]
#     # print(i, get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text']))
#     [all_words.append(i[0]) for idx,i in enumerate(get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['category'], no_of_words=25))]
    
# all_words_to_remove = find_duplicates(all_words, occurences=4)
# all_words_to_remove.extend([',','NSW','Sydney','Melbourne','Adelaide','South','SA','Brisbane','VIC',
#                    '.', 'New', 'Australia', 'QLD', 'Vic','and','WA','Victoria','ACT','Qld',
#                    'of','Wollongong','TAS','Queensland','Newcastle',
#                    'Street','Hobart','the','The','Launceston','Orange','NT',
#                    'Paddington','Darwin','for','Western','Warrnambool','Ballarat','Northern','Territory',
#                    'England','Watters','Macquarie','Artspace','St',"'s",'&','Potter','Kings','Ian','Cross',
#                    '8','Llankelly','2011','Fremantle','Queen','Ivan','Dougherty','Tasmania','Central',
#                    'Curtin','France','Tin','Sheds','York','Monash','Heide',''])

# for i in df['cluster'].unique():
#     cluster_docs = df[df['cluster'] == i]
#     # print(i, get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text']))
#     annot = "\n".join(i[0] for idx,i in enumerate(get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['category'],
#                                                                        more_words=all_words_to_remove)) if (idx < 5))
    
#     plt.annotate(annot, xy=(i/df['cluster'].nunique()-0.1, 0.05), 
#                  xytext=(i/df['cluster'].nunique()-0.1, 0.05), 
#                  xycoords='axes fraction', fontsize=9)

# plt.title("Hierarchical Clustering Dendrogram - BERT")

# # make figure bigger
# fig = plt.gcf()
# fig.set_size_inches(14, 10)

# plt.show()

from IPython.display import Image
Image(filename='images/daao_tlc/output4.png')
_images/DAAO_TLC_61_0.png

Hierarchical clustering (BERT) after omitting erroneous geocodes that occur frequently

# # retrieve rows from most_freq_geocodes from a list of indices
# remove_these = most_freq_geocodes.head(20).iloc[~most_freq_geocodes.head(20).index.isin([4,5,6,8,9,13,14,15,16,18,19])]

# # remove 5656 rows from df_daoo_relevant_events with same lat and long data from remove_these 
# df_daoo_relevant_events['erroneous'] = np.where(df_daoo_relevant_events['latitude'].isin(remove_these['latitude']) &\
#                                                 df_daoo_relevant_events['longitude'].isin(remove_these['longitude']), True, False)

# ### pre-process for NLP
# # Load the documents and their corresponding categorical variables into a Pandas dataframe
# df2 = pd.DataFrame({'text': df_daoo_relevant_events[df_daoo_relevant_events['erroneous'] == 0]['slug2'], 
#                    'category': df_daoo_relevant_events[df_daoo_relevant_events['erroneous'] == 0]['place_name']})

# # summarise text for each unique place name
# df2['text'] = df2.groupby('category')['text'].transform(lambda x: ' '.join(x))

# #add new column with count for each category
# df2['cat_count'] = df2.groupby('category')['category'].transform('count')
# df2.drop_duplicates(inplace=True)

# # Clean the text
# stop_words = set(stopwords.words('english'))
# df2['clean_text'] = df2['text'].apply(clean_text)

# # randomly sample 512 tokens from each row in df['clean_text']
# # some strings are smalle than 512
# df2['clean_text_sampled'] = df2['clean_text'].apply(lambda x: ' '.join(random.sample(x.split(' '), 320)) if len(x.split(' ')) >= 320 else x)
# X_bert2 = df2['clean_text_sampled'].apply(lambda x: pd.Series(bert_encode([str(x)])[0]))

# # setting distance_threshold=0 ensures we compute the full tree.
# model_bert2 = AgglomerativeClustering(distance_threshold=0, n_clusters=None)
# model_bert2 = model_bert2.fit(np.array(X_bert2))
# cut = 7
# l_matrix = get_linkage_matrix(model_bert2)
# df2['cluster'] = fcluster(l_matrix, cut, criterion='maxclust')
# dendrogram(l_matrix, orientation='top', truncate_mode="lastp", p=cut, show_leaf_counts=True)

# all_words = []

# for i in df2['cluster'].unique():
#     cluster_docs = df2[df2['cluster'] == i]
#     # print(i, get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text']))
#     [all_words.append(i[0]) for idx,i in enumerate(get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text']))]
    
# all_words_to_remove = find_duplicates(all_words, occurences=2)
# all_words_to_remove.extend(['j','p','r','h','c','k','th','nd','exhibitionexhibited','isbn','http','www'])

# for i in df2['cluster'].unique():
#     cluster_docs = df2[df2['cluster'] == i]
#     # print(i, get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text']))
#     annot = "\n".join(i[0] for idx,i in enumerate(get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text'],
#                                                                        more_words=all_words_to_remove)) if (idx < 5))
    
#     plt.annotate(annot, xy=(i/df2['cluster'].nunique()-0.1, 0.05), 
#                  xytext=(i/df2['cluster'].nunique()-0.1, 0.05), 
#                  xycoords='axes fraction', fontsize=9)
    
#     annot2 = cluster_docs.sort_values('cat_count', ascending=False)['category'].values[0:3]
#     annot2 = '\n\n'.join(['\n'.join(wrap(line, 18)) for line in [i.split(',')[0] for i in annot2]])
#     # annot2 = '\n'.join(wrap(annot2, 18)) # breaks strings into new lines

#     plt.annotate(annot2, xy=(i/df2['cluster'].nunique()-0.115, -0.24), 
#                 xytext=(i/df2['cluster'].nunique()-0.115, -0.24), 
#                 xycoords='axes fraction', fontsize=9)

# plt.title("Hierarchical Clustering Dendrogram - BERT (after removing frequent errors)")

# # make figure bigger
# fig = plt.gcf()
# fig.set_size_inches(14, 10)

# plt.show()
# cut = 7
# l_matrix = get_linkage_matrix(model_bert2)
# df2['cluster'] = fcluster(l_matrix, cut, criterion='maxclust')
# dendrogram(l_matrix, orientation='top', truncate_mode="lastp", p=cut, show_leaf_counts=True)

# all_words = []

# for i in df2['cluster'].unique():
#     cluster_docs = df2[df2['cluster'] == i]
#     # print(i, get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text']))
#     [all_words.append(i[0]) for idx,i in enumerate(get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['category'], no_of_words=30))]
    
# all_words_to_remove = find_duplicates(all_words, occurences=5)
# all_words_to_remove.extend([',','NSW','Sydney','Melbourne','Adelaide','South','SA','Brisbane','VIC',
#                    '.', 'New', 'QLD', 'Vic','and','WA','Victoria','ACT','Qld',
#                    'of','Wollongong','TAS','Queensland','Newcastle','Australia',
#                    'Street','Hobart','the','The','Launceston','Orange','NT',
#                    'Paddington','Darwin','for','Western','Warrnambool','Ballarat','Northern','Territory',
#                    'England','Watters','Macquarie','Artspace','St',"'s",'&','Potter','Kings','Ian','Cross',
#                    '8','Llankelly','2011','Fremantle','Queen','Ivan','Dougherty','Tasmania','Central',
#                    'Curtin','France','Tin','Sheds','York','Monash','Heide',''])

# for i in df2['cluster'].unique():
#     cluster_docs = df2[df2['cluster'] == i]
#     # print(i, get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text']))
#     annot = "\n".join(i[0] for idx,i in enumerate(get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['category'],
#                                                                        more_words=all_words_to_remove)) if (idx < 20))
    
#     plt.annotate(annot, xy=(i/df2['cluster'].nunique()-0.1, 0.05), 
#                  xytext=(i/df2['cluster'].nunique()-0.1, 0.05), 
#                  xycoords='axes fraction', fontsize=9)

# plt.title("Hierarchical Clustering Dendrogram - BERT (after removing frequent errors)")

# # make figure bigger
# fig = plt.gcf()
# fig.set_size_inches(14, 10)

# plt.show()

Organisations

Similar to venues, we first produce a word cloud for common terms used in organisation names. We find that the most frequent terms are “Society”, “Art”, “Gallery”, “Royal”, and “Arts”.

# bios = pd.read_csv('data/daao_biography_level_202202211719.csv')
# bios = bios[['_id','primary_name.family_name','primary_name.given_names']]
# bios[bios['_id'].str.contains('4e1e1424b846f2dae7001dc0')]

with open("data/daao_persongroup_level.json") as json_file: daoo_org_data=json.load(json_file)

# create a list of all the place names
all_place_names = pd.json_normalize(daoo_org_data)['primary_name'].astype(str).tolist()

# create a list of all the words in the place names
all_words = []
for place_name in all_place_names:
    all_words.extend(word_tokenize(place_name))

# find top 100 most frequent words
most_freq_words = Counter(all_words).most_common(40)

# remove a list of all words that are not relevant
words_to_remove = [',','.','and','of','the','The','for',"'s",'&','(',')','J.','Melbourne',
                   'UK','VIC','London',
                   'Jane','Lapham','*','Adelaide',"'",'Sydney','NSW','New','South','Wales']

# remove the words from the list of most frequent words
most_freq_words = [word for word in most_freq_words if word[0] not in words_to_remove]

most_freq_words_dict = dict(most_freq_words)

# # add value of two keys
# most_freq_words_dict['Gallery'] = most_freq_words_dict['Gallery'] + most_freq_words_dict['Galleries']
# most_freq_words_dict['Museum'] = most_freq_words_dict['Museum'] + most_freq_words_dict['Museums']

# # remove key 'Gallery'
# most_freq_words_dict.pop('Galleries')
# most_freq_words_dict.pop('Museums')

# create a wordcloud with the most frequent words
from wordcloud import WordCloud

wordcloud = WordCloud(width = 800, height = 800,
                background_color ='white',
                min_font_size = 10).generate_from_frequencies(most_freq_words_dict)

# plot the WordCloud image
plt.figure(figsize = (8, 8), facecolor = None)
plt.imshow(wordcloud)
plt.axis("off")
plt.tight_layout(pad = 0)

plt.show()
_images/DAAO_TLC_67_0.png

As shown above, the use of dendrograms can be an interesting exercise to explore the data. The initial idea was to repeat the same approach with organisations to assess any latent patterns through this taxonomic approrach. However, we find that the data is not as rich as the venue data and that there are many organisations with no biographies, no summaries, and no relations to people records, exhibition records, etc. Nevertheless we provide one dendrogram using organisation biographies.

Below is a list of the proportion of missing data for each field across DAAO organisations.

# find the proportion of null values in each column
print((pd.json_normalize(daoo_org_data).isnull().sum()/pd.json_normalize(daoo_org_data).shape[0])[0:20])
biography              0.869957
_cls                   0.000000
editing_complete       0.922318
is_deleted             0.000000
is_featured            0.000000
is_locked              0.000000
is_primary             0.000000
is_shadow              0.000000
primary_name           0.000858
periods_active         0.959227
record_status          0.000000
residences             0.959442
roles                  0.000000
sources                0.913519
slug                   0.000000
summary                0.917167
related_stub_people    0.998927
_id.$oid               0.000000
date_created.$date     0.024678
date_modified.$date    0.069528
dtype: float64
print((pd.json_normalize(daoo_org_data).isnull().sum()/pd.json_normalize(daoo_org_data).shape[0])[20:])
references                    0.896567
tags                          0.962017
type                          0.974464
types                         0.965665
related_events                0.972318
related_collections           0.985837
related_works                 0.922318
related_recognitions          0.996996
related_stub_person_groups    0.998927
copyright_agents              0.999571
urls                          0.896137
alternative_names             0.967811
locked_biographies            0.999356
other_occupations             0.996996
see_alsos                     0.982833
nla_id                        0.999356
source_database_ids           0.985837
dtype: float64
# from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

# orgs = pd.DataFrame(columns=['name','summary','bio'])

# # pd.json_normalize(daoo_org_data)['biography'].isnull().sum()/pd.json_normalize(daoo_org_data).shape[0] # 87% of rows have no biography

# for i,row in pd.json_normalize(daoo_org_data).iterrows():
#     try:
#         try: row['biography'][0]['text']
#         except: continue

#         # try: period_start = row['periods_active'][0]['start']['_date']
#         # except: period_start = None

#         # try: period_end = row['periods_active'][0]['end']['_date']
#         # except: period_end = None

#         # use pandas.concat to append new row to dataframe
#         orgs = pd.concat([orgs, pd.DataFrame({'name': [row['primary_name']],
#                                                 'summary': [row['summary']],
#                                                 'bio': [row['biography'][0]['text']],
#                                                 # 'period_start': [period_start],
#                                                 # 'period_end': [period_end]
#                                                 })], ignore_index=True)
        
#     except:
#         print(i)
#         break

# # remove empty summary
# orgs['summary'].fillna('', inplace=True)

# # remove rows with stub text
# orgs = orgs[~orgs['bio'].isin(orgs['bio'].value_counts().head(5).index.to_list())]

# # combine summary and bio
# orgs['bio'] = orgs['summary'] + orgs['bio'].apply(lambda x: BeautifulSoup(x, 'lxml').get_text())

# orgs = orgs[['name','bio']]
# ### encode text using bert (takes 4mins to run)

# ### pre-process for NLP
# # Load the documents and their corresponding categorical variables into a Pandas dataframe
# df_org = pd.DataFrame({'text': orgs['bio'], 'category': orgs['name']})

# #add new column with count for each category
# df_org['cat_count'] = df_org.groupby('category')['category'].transform('count')
# df_org.drop_duplicates(inplace=True)

# # Clean the text
# stop_words = set(stopwords.words('english'))

# def clean_text(text):
#     text = re.sub('[^a-zA-Z]', ' ', text)
#     text = text.replace(',', '')
#     text = text.lower().split()
#     text = [word for word in text if word not in stop_words]
#     text = ' '.join(text)
#     return text

# df_org['clean_text'] = df_org['text'].apply(clean_text)

# # randomly sample 512 tokens from each row in df['clean_text']
# # some strings are smalle than 512
# df_org['clean_text_sampled'] = df_org['clean_text'].apply(lambda x: ' '.join(random.sample(x.split(' '), 350)) if len(x.split(' ')) >= 350 else x)
# X_bert_org = df_org['clean_text_sampled'].apply(lambda x: pd.Series(bert_encode([str(x)])[0]))

# # setting distance_threshold=0 ensures we compute the full tree.
# model_bert_org = AgglomerativeClustering(distance_threshold=0, n_clusters=None)
# model_bert_org = model_bert_org.fit(np.array(X_bert_org))

Biographical data for each organisation (~130 organisations) is used to create the clusters. From here we show the most common terms used in the organisation name for each cluster.

# cut = 5
# l_matrix = get_linkage_matrix(model_bert_org)
# df_org['cluster'] = fcluster(l_matrix, cut, criterion='maxclust')
# dendrogram(l_matrix, orientation='top', truncate_mode="lastp", p=cut, show_leaf_counts=True)

# all_words = []

# for i in df_org['cluster'].unique():
#     cluster_docs = df_org[df_org['cluster'] == i]
#     # print(i, get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text']))
#     [all_words.append(i[0]) for idx,i in enumerate(get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['category'], no_of_words=5))]
    
# all_words_to_remove = find_duplicates(all_words, occurences=4)
# all_words_to_remove.extend(['h','co','e','test','Lapham','J.','Jane','','and','of','&','The','SymbioticA','Nevin','Smith'])

# for i in df_org['cluster'].unique():
#     cluster_docs = df_org[df_org['cluster'] == i]
#     # print(i, get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['clean_text']))
#     annot = "\n".join(i[0] for idx,i in enumerate(get_most_common_word(cluster_docs['category'], no_of_words=6,
#                                                                        more_words=all_words_to_remove)) if (idx < 3))
    
#     plt.annotate(annot, xy=(i/df_org['cluster'].nunique()-0.1, 0.05), 
#                  xytext=(i/df_org['cluster'].nunique()-0.1, 0.05), 
#                  xycoords='axes fraction', fontsize=12)
    
#     # annot2 = cluster_docs.sort_values('cat_count', ascending=False)['category'].values[0:3]
#     # annot2 = '\n\n'.join(['\n'.join(wrap(line, 18)) for line in [i.split(',')[0] for i in annot2]])
#     # # annot2 = '\n'.join(wrap(annot2, 18)) # breaks strings into new lines

#     # plt.annotate(annot2, xy=(i/df_org['cluster'].nunique()-0.115, -0.24), 
#     #             xytext=(i/df_org['cluster'].nunique()-0.115, -0.24), 
#     #             xycoords='axes fraction', fontsize=9)

# plt.title("Hierarchical Clustering Dendrogram - BERT, Organisations")

# # make figure bigger
# fig = plt.gcf()
# fig.set_size_inches(14, 10)

# plt.show()

from IPython.display import Image
Image(filename='images/daao_tlc/output5.png')
_images/DAAO_TLC_74_0.png

Temporal analysis of venues

To further explore frequently used terms in place names, we produce an interactive time series of the number of events per decade by associated terms.

Before the visuals, we provide an ordered list of the decades with the most event activity, and also a list of the top 20 most frequent terms used in place names.

events_df = df_daoo_relevant_events.copy()

# create a new column with the decade of start year
events_df['decade'] = events_df['start_year'].apply(lambda x: str(x)[:3] + '0')
events_df['decade'] = events_df['decade'].apply(lambda x: '2000' if x == '2020' else x)
events_df['decade'] = events_df['decade'].astype(int)
events_df['decade'].value_counts()
2000    4332
1990    3312
1980    1909
1970     831
2010     527
1960     309
1930     265
1900     241
1920     239
1950     227
1940     201
1910     148
Name: decade, dtype: int64
most_freq_words_dict2
{'Gallery': 6202,
 'Art': 4286,
 'Centre': 975,
 'Museum': 1028,
 'University': 791,
 'Contemporary': 732,
 'National': 609,
 'City': 456,
 'Regional': 447,
 'Arts': 447,
 'Foundation': 441,
 'Experimental': 434,
 'Modern': 346,
 'Institute': 339,
 'Australian': 300,
 'Fine': 273,
 'House': 169,
 'Space': 139,
 'Hall': 110,
 'School': 105,
 'Region': 103,
 'College': 101,
 'Festival': 96,
 'Royal': 93,
 'Aboriginal': 89,
 'Parliament': 85,
 'Society': 83}
words_by_decade = pd.DataFrame()

for key in most_freq_words_dict2:
    words_this_decade = events_df[events_df['place_name'].str.contains(key)]\
                        .groupby('decade')['place_name']\
                        .count()\
                        .reset_index(name='count')\
                        .sort_values(['decade'], ascending=True)
    words_this_decade['term'] = key
    words_by_decade = pd.concat([words_by_decade, words_this_decade], ignore_index=True)
import plotly.express as px
fig = px.line(words_by_decade, x="decade", y="count", color='term',
                title='Count of each term by decade')

# # make figure size bigger
# # fig.update_layout(
# #     autosize=False,
# #     width=700,
# #     height=500,
# # )

fig.show()
# events_df['diff'] = events_df['end_year'] - events_df['start_year']
# # events_df[(events_df['place_name'].str.contains('Contemporary')) & (events_df['diff'] > 1)]

# using start_date, end_date, place_name, calculate the difference between start_date of the first event in an venue and end_date of the last event in that venue
places_with_start_end = []
[places_with_start_end.extend([p, events_df.loc[events_df['place_name'] == p, 'start_year'].min(), 
                              events_df.loc[events_df['place_name'] == p, 'end_year'].max()] for p in events_df['place_name'].unique())]

places_with_start_end = pd.DataFrame(places_with_start_end)
places_with_start_end.columns = ['place_name', 'start_year', 'end_year']
places_with_start_end['diff'] = places_with_start_end['end_year'] - places_with_start_end['start_year']
places_with_start_end = places_with_start_end[places_with_start_end['diff'] >= 0]
# places_with_start_end.sort_values('diff', ascending=False)

Beyond the above time series, we also provide a series of bar charts, however instead of illustrating event activity within a certain decade, we plot the number of venues active across time. We calculate the start and end of a venue’s “lifespan” by using the earliest and latest event date associated with a venue. We do this by filtering on venues with associated terms in the place name.

Most bar charts follow the same upwards trends shown in the above time series, however some terms that highlight some different trajectories consist of “contemporary”, “society”, “experimental” and “space”.

decade_placeholder = pd.DataFrame([0] * 13, index=range(1900, 2020+1, 10)).reset_index().rename(columns={'index':'decade', 0:'count'})
decade_placeholder['decade'] = decade_placeholder['decade'].astype(str)

for term in most_freq_words_dict2:
    # create a wide form of contemporary with each decade as a column and a binary value for whether the venue existed in that decade
    # use start_year as the start and end_year as the end of the venue
    contemporary = places_with_start_end[(places_with_start_end['place_name'].str.contains(term))].sort_values('start_year', ascending=True)
    contemporary_wide = pd.DataFrame()

    for i,row in contemporary.iterrows():
        for year in range(row['start_year'], row['end_year']+1): 
            contemporary_wide.loc[row['place_name'], str(year)[:3] + '0'] = 1

    contemporary_wide = contemporary_wide.\
        fillna(0).\
        reset_index().\
        rename(columns={'index':'place_name'}).\
        sum().tail(-1).\
        reset_index().\
        rename(columns={'index':'decade', 0:'count'})
    
    contemporary_wide = pd.merge(contemporary_wide, decade_placeholder, on='decade', how='outer')
    contemporary_wide['count'] = contemporary_wide['count_x'] + contemporary_wide['count_y']
    contemporary_wide = contemporary_wide[['decade', 'count']].sort_values('decade', ascending=True)

    fig = px.bar(contemporary_wide, x="decade", y='count',
                    title=f'Number of venues that existed in each decade, {term}')

    # remove y-axis label
    fig.update_yaxes(title_text='')
    fig.update_xaxes(title_text='')

    # # make figure size bigger
    # fig.update_layout(
    #     autosize=False,
    #     width=700,
    #     height=400,
    # )

    fig.show()

Proportions

We repeat the same temporal visuals as above, however this time we plot the proportions to effectively normalise the data with respect to the number of events across decades, and the number of venues that existed across time, repsectively.

Note that the y-axis limits in the bar charts changes for each term.

words_by_decade_prop = []

# find the proportions of each word in each decade
for i in most_freq_words_dict2.keys():
    for j in events_df['decade'].unique():
        prop = events_df[(events_df['place_name'].str.contains(i)) & (events_df['decade'] == j)].shape[0] /events_df[events_df['decade'] == j].shape[0]
        words_by_decade_prop.append([i,j,prop])
    
words_by_decade_prop = pd.DataFrame(words_by_decade_prop)
words_by_decade_prop.columns = ['word','decade','proportion']
# plot proportion of each term by decade
# make it interactive

import plotly.express as px

fig = px.line(words_by_decade_prop.sort_values('decade'), x="decade", y="proportion", color='word',
                title='Proportion of each term by decade')

# make figure size bigger
# fig.update_layout(
#     autosize=False,
#     width=700,
#     height=500,
# )

fig.show()
allplaces_wide = pd.DataFrame()

for i,row in places_with_start_end.iterrows():
    for year in range(row['start_year'], row['end_year']+1): 
        allplaces_wide.loc[row['place_name'], str(year)[:3] + '0'] = 1

decade_placeholder_forprop = allplaces_wide.\
                            fillna(0).\
                            reset_index().\
                            rename(columns={'index':'place_name'}).\
                            sum().tail(-1).\
                            reset_index().\
                            rename(columns={'index':'decade', 0:'count'}).\
                            sort_values('decade', ascending=True)
for term in most_freq_words_dict2:
    # create a wide form of contemporary with each decade as a column and a binary value for whether the venue existed in that decade
    # use start_year as the start and end_year as the end of the venue
    contemporary = places_with_start_end[(places_with_start_end['place_name'].str.contains(term))].sort_values('start_year', ascending=True)
    contemporary_wide = pd.DataFrame()

    for i,row in contemporary.iterrows():
        for year in range(row['start_year'], row['end_year']+1): 
            contemporary_wide.loc[row['place_name'], str(year)[:3] + '0'] = 1

    contemporary_wide = contemporary_wide.\
        fillna(0).\
        reset_index().\
        rename(columns={'index':'place_name'}).\
        sum().tail(-1).\
        reset_index().\
        rename(columns={'index':'decade', 0:'count'})
    
    contemporary_wide = pd.merge(contemporary_wide, decade_placeholder_forprop, on='decade', how='outer')
    contemporary_wide['prop'] = np.where(contemporary_wide['count_x'] > 0, 
                                     contemporary_wide['count_x']/contemporary_wide['count_y'], 0)
    contemporary_wide = contemporary_wide[['decade', 'prop']].sort_values('decade', ascending=True)

    fig = px.bar(contemporary_wide, x="decade", y='prop',
                    title=f'Number of venues that existed in each decade, {term}')

    # remove y-axis label
    fig.update_yaxes(title_text='')
    fig.update_xaxes(title_text='')

    # make figure size bigger
    # fig.update_layout(
    #     autosize=False,
    #     width=700,
    #     height=400,
    # )

    fig.show()